Table 1. Percentage of time steers grazed during daylight or dark hours.
 

	Endophyte
	Low	High
	%	%
Daylight	52	34
Dark	14	22

Bond, J., J.B. Powell and B.T. Weinland. 1984. Behavior of steers grazing several varieties of tall fescue during summer conditions. Agron. J.76:707

Table 2. Daily gains of steers as affected by low or high incidence of endophyte infection.
 

	Endophyte		Daily gain
Location	Low E	High E	Low E	High E	Feed	Reference
	%	%	lb/Day	lb/Day
Alabama	2	>90	1.83	.99	Pasture	Hoveland et al , 1983
Alabama	0	>90	1.46	.62	Hay	Schmidt el a.l,1982
Alabama	0	100	2.12	.44	Seed	Schmidt at al , 1982
Arkansas	0	81	1.57	1.21	Pasture	Goetsch et al,. 1988
Georgia	0	76	1.30	.99	Pasture	Stuedemann et al., 1986
Kentucky	<1	87	1.54	.99	Pasture	Boling et al, 1885
Mississippi	NR2	NR	1.50	1.01	Pasture	Evans et al., 1989
Missouri	3	83	1.37	.46	Pasture	Crawford et al., 1989
Oklahoma	<1	76	1.87	1.37	Pasture	McMurphy et al., 1990
Tennessee	2	71	1.48	1.06	Pasture	Chestnut et al., (In press)
Texas	8	91	2.14	1.01	Pasture	Read and Camp, 1986

¹Number of informed tillers per 100 tillers
²Not reported.

Boling, J.A. 1985. Endophytic fungus and tall fescue utilization by ruminants. Prof. Anim. Sci. 1:29.
Chestnut, A.B., H.A. Fribourg, J.B. McClaren, D.G. Keitner, B.B. Reddick, R.J. Carlisle and M.C. Smith 1991.  Effects of Acremonium coenophialum infestation, bermuda grass and nitrogen or clover on steers grazing tall fescue pastures. J. Prod. Agric. 4:208
Crawford, R.J., J.R. Forwood, R.L. Belyea and G.B.Garner.  1989. Relationship between level of endophyte infection and cattle gains on tall fescue. J. Prod. agric. 2:147.
Evans, R.R., R.L. Ivy, A.W. Groce and W. Cox. 1989.  Selenium supplimentation for steers of fungus free and fungus infested fescue pastures. (Prliminary report.) Proc. Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop, Nov. 13-14, Atlanta GA.
Goetsch, A.L., K.L. Landis, G.E. Murphy, B.L. Morrison, Z.B. Johnson, E.L. Piper, A.C. Hardin and K.L. Hall. 1988. Supplements, parasite treatments and growth implants for Brahman or English crossbred steers grazing endophyte-infected or non infected fescue in the spring and fall. Prof. Anim. Sci. 4:32
Hoveland, C.S., Schmidt, C.C. King, J.W. Odem, E.M. Clark, J.A. McGuire, L.A. Smith, H.W. Grimes and J.L. Hollman. 1983. Steer performance and association of Acremonium coenophialum fungal endophyte on tall fescue pasture. Agron. J. 75:821.
McMurphy, W.E., K.S. Lusby, S.C. Smith, S.H. Muntz and S.H. Strasie. 1990. Stear performance on tall fescue pasture. J. Prod. Agric. 3:100.
Read J.C. and B.J. Camp. 1986. the effects of the fungal endophyte acremonium coenophialum in tall fescue and animal performance, toxicity and stand maintenance. Agron. J. 78:848.
Schmidt S.P., C.S. Hoveland, E.M. Clark, N.D. Davis, L.A. Smith, H.W. Grimes and J.L. Hollman. 1982. Association of an endophytic fungus with fescue toxitiy in steers fed Kentucky 31 tall fescue seed or hay. J. Anim. sci. 55:1259
Studemann, J.A., B.H. Wilkinson, D.P. Belesky, C.S. Hovelenad, O.J. Devine. F.W. Thompson, H.S. Campbell, W. E. Townsend and H. Ciordia. 1986. Effect of level of fungus and nitrogen fertilization rate of KY-31 tall fescue on steer performance. J. Anim. Sci 63(Suppl. 1):290(Abstr.).
Tulley J.K., J.P. Fontenot and V.G. Allen. 1989. Influence of endophyte infection in performance of steers grazing tall fescue with and without clover. (Preliminary report). Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop, Nov. 13-14, Atlanta GA.

 

Hoveland, C.S., S.P. Schmidt, C.C. King, Jr. and E.M. Clark. 1984. Association of fungal endophyte with seasonal gains of beef steers grazing tall fescue pasture. In:H. Riley and A.D. Skelvag (Ed.) Proc. Eur. Fed. p. 382-386.
 
 

Table 4. Effect of Endophyte-infected fescue on the performance of cows and nursing calves
 

	COWS				CALVES
Daily gain		Pregnancy rate		Daily gain		205-day wean wt.
Low E	High E	Low E	High E	Low E	High E	Low E	High E	Ref.
lb./day	---	%	%	lb./day	---	lb.	lb.
1.01	-.51	--1	--	2.56	1.87	520	434	Schmidt Ed al 83
.46	-.11	95	55	1.72	1.37	474	410	Gay et al., '88
.44	-.15	87	58	1.63	1.30	489	419	Essig of al, '89
.09	-.24	892	74	1.61	1.28	--	--	Tucker et al., '89b
.79	.46	78	49	2.25	1.90	529	461	McDonald 89

¹Not determined or not reported.
²Low E fescue was 21% INF as 77% for High E.

Essig, H.W., C.E. Cantrell, F.T. Withers, Jr., D.H. Laughlin and M.E. Boyd.  1989. Performance and profitability of cow-calf systems grazing on EF end E1 KY-31 fescue. (Preliminary report.) Proc. Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop, Nov. 13-19, Atlanta, GA
Gay, N., J.A. Boiling, R. Dew and D.E. Miksch. 1988. Effects of endophyte infected tall fescue on beef cow-calf performance. Appl. Acric. Res. 3:182.
McDonald, W.T. 1989.Performance of Cows and Calves Grazing Endophyte infested Pastures. M.S. Thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Schmidt, S.P., C.C. King, Jr., C.S. Hoveland, E.M. Clark, L.A. Smith, H.W. Grimes and J.L. Holliman. 1983.  Cow-calf performance as affected by fungus infestation of Kentucky-31 tall fescue pastures. J.Anim. Sci. 57(Suppl. 1):295(Abstr.).
Tucker. C.A., R.E. Morrow, J.R. Gerrish, C.J. Nelson, G.B. Garner, V.E. Jacobs, W.G. Hires, J.J. Shinkel and J.R. Forwood. 1989. Forage systems for beef cattle: Effects of winter supplementation and forage system on reproductive performance of cows. J. Prod. Agric. 2:217.

Table 5. Effect of endophyte-infected fescue on gains pregnancy rates and milk yield of heifers¹.
 

Endophyte level	Initial weight	Daily  gains		Pregnant	Post-calving Pregnant	Milk produced
		grazing	winter
%	lb.	lb./day		%	%	lb./12 hr.
0-5	562	1.65	.18	96	93	8.16
25-60	560	1.26	.35	82	45	7.06
80-99	591	.75	1.19	55	33	3.97

Danielson, D.A., S.P. Schmidt, C.C. King, L.A. Smith and W.B. Webster, 1986.  Fescue toxicity and reproductin in beef heifers. j. Anim. Sci 63(Suppl.1):296(Abstr.)
Schmidt, S.P., D.A. Danielson, J.A. Holliman, H.W. Grimes and W.B. Webster. 1986. Fescue fungus supresses growth and reproduction in replacement beef heifers. Alabama Agric. Exp. Stn. Highlights Agric. Res. 33(4):15